They say that one doesn’t discover advanced type system extensions: rather, the type system extensions discover you! Nevertheless, it’s worthwhile to know what the tech tree for GHC’s type extensions are, so you can decide how much power (and the correspondingly headache inducing error messages) you need. I’ve organized the relations in the following diagram with the following criterion in mind:
- Some extensions automatically enable other extensions (implies);
- Some extensions offer all the features another extension offers (subsumes);
- Some extensions work really nicely with other extensions (synergy);
- Some extensions offer equivalent (but differently formulated) functionality to another extension (equiv).
It’s also worth noting that the GHC manual divides these extensions into “Extensions to data types and type synonyms”, “Class and instances declarations”, “Type families” and “Other type system extensions”. I have them organized here a little differently.
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A petri net is a curious little graphical modeling language for control flow in concurrency. They came up in this talk a few weeks ago: Petri-nets as an Intermediate Representation for Heterogeneous Architectures, but what I found interesting was how I could describe some common concurrency structures using this modeling language.
Here is, for example, the well venerated lock:
The way to interpret the graph is thus: each circle is a “petri dish” (place) that may contain some number of tokens. The square boxes (transitions) are actions that would like to fire, but in order to do so all of the petri dishes feeding into them must have tokens. It’s the sort of representation that you could make into a board game of sorts!
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The bug bit me in early 2009, during MIT’s independent activities period; really, it was two bugs. The first was 6.184, the re-animated introductory computer science class taught in Scheme—for obvious reasons. But I don’t think that was sufficient: I seemed to recall thinking Scheme was interesting but not a language I actually wanted to code in. The second was a comment made by Anders Kaseorg after I finished delivering a talk Introduction to Web Application Security (one of the few things that, as a freshman at MIT, I thought I knew well enough to give a lecture on). One of the emphases of the talk was all about types: that is, the fact that “string” doesn’t adequately represent the semantic content of most bits of text that float around in our applications these days. Haskell came up as a way of making your compiler make sure you didn’t mix up HTML with plain text.
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